What Are 4 Carcinogens
Author: Disabled World
Contact: www.disabled-world.com
Carcinogens are also often, but not necessarily, mutagens or teratogens. Carcinogens may cause cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with. Four new substances have been added to a list of carcinogens compiled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Original Publication Date: 2014-10-11
Updated - Revised Date: 2020-04-06
Synopsis and Key Points:
A list of currently known cancer carcinogens, substances, chemicals, and products known to cause cancer in humans.(i)
Many factors, including amount and duration of exposure, and a person's susceptibility to a substance, can affect whether a person will develop cancer or not.
Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances.
Main Digest
What is a Carcinogen?
What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
A Carcinogen is defined as any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic, thus their effect can be insidious.
Recently Added Carcinogens
Four substances have been added in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 14th Report on Carcinogens, a science-based document that identifies chemical, biological, and physical agents that are considered cancer hazards for people living in the United States. The new report now includes 243 listings.
- Ortho-toluidine, used to make rubber chemicals, pesticides, and dyes, has been reevaluated and is now listed as a known human carcinogen.
Three substances have been added as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. These include:
- 1-bromopropane, used as a cleaning solvent and spray adhesive;
- cumene, used to make phenol and acetone, and also found in fuel products and tobacco smoke;
- wood preservative mixture pentachlorophenol.
Health hazard sign.
'Identifying substances in our environment that can make people vulnerable to cancer will help in prevention efforts,' said Linda Birnbaum, Ph.D., director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP). 'This report provides a valuable resource for health regulatory and research agencies, and it empowers the public with information people can use to reduce exposure to cancer causing substances.'
The Report on Carcinogens is a congressionally mandated report prepared for the HHS Secretary by NTP. The report identifies agents, substances, mixtures, or exposures in two categories: known to be a human carcinogen and reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
A listing in the report indicates a cancer hazard, but does not by itself mean that a substance will cause cancer. Many factors, including the amount and duration of exposure, and an individual's susceptibility to a substance, can affect whether a person will develop cancer.
Also see our list of List of Ingredients and Additives in Cigarettes.
Jump-To:
Full List of Currently Known Human Carcinogens: |
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Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans |
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National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens 'Known to be human carcinogens' |
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International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans |
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National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens 'Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens' |
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Substance Added as a Known Human Carcinogen
Since 1983, ortho-toluidine has been listed in the Report on Carcinogens as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. However, new cancer studies led NTP to reevaluate and reclassify ortho-toluidine, and it is now added to the category of known to be a human carcinogen, based on studies in humans showing it causes urinary bladder cancer. Ortho-toluidine is a synthetic chemical produced in other countries and imported into the United States by several companies in high volumes. It is primarily used to make rubber chemicals, pesticides, and dyes. It is also used in some consumer and medical products. People are mainly exposed through the workplace, by skin contact and/or inhalation when using ortho-toluidine. People can also be exposed outside the workplace through sources such as tobacco smoke.
3 Substances Added to the New Report as Reasonably Anticipated to Be a Human Carcinogen
- The chemical 1-bromopropane is a colorless to pale yellow liquid used as a solvent in many commercial industries. It is used as a cleaner for optics, electronics, and metals, as well as a solvent for aerosol-applied adhesives such as those used in foam cushion manufacturing. It is also used in dry cleaning and in solvent sprays for aircraft maintenance. Workers in certain occupations may be more exposed to 1-bromopropane than the general population. No human studies were identified that evaluated the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to 1-bromopropane. However, inhalation exposure to 1-bromopropane in rodents caused tumors in several organs, including the skin, lungs, and large intestine.
- Cumene is a flammable and volatile liquid with a gasoline-like odor. It is a natural component of coal tar and petroleum, and is found in tobacco smoke. It is used primarily to make acetone and phenol. People are mainly exposed to cumene through the environment and in workplaces that use or produce cumene. It can be found in emissions from petroleum products. Inhalation exposure to cumene caused lung tumors in male and female mice, and liver tumors in female mice. No human studies were identified that looked at the relationship between human cancer and exposure specifically to cumene.
- Pentachlorophenol and by-products of its synthesis are complex mixtures of chemicals used as wood preservatives. Because virtually everyone who is exposed to pentachlorophenol is also exposed to its synthesis by-products, they were evaluated together. In the United States, pentachlorophenol has been regulated since the 1980s as a restricted-use pesticide. It is used industrially for treating utility poles, wood pilings, fence posts, and lumber or timber for construction. Most exposure has occurred in settings where workers treat lumber or come in contact with treated lumber. People may also be exposed to this mixture from breathing contaminated air or dust, or from contact with contaminated soil. Exposure to this mixture was associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in studies in humans. It also caused tumors in the liver and other organs in mice.
References
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1 - 100. 2011.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. 2011.
List of Ingredients and Additives in Cigarettes - Disabled World - https://www.disabled-world.com/medical/pharmaceutical/addiction/cigarette-ingredients.php
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released the 14th Report on Carcinogens on November 3, 2016. The Report on Carcinogens is a congressionally mandated, science-based, public health document that NTP prepares for the HHS Secretary. This cumulative report currently includes 248 listings of agents, substances, mixtures, and exposure circumstances that are known or reasonably anticipated to cause cancer in humans.
New Listings
Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds that Release Cobalt Ions In Vivo
Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus
Trichloroethylene
To search for tumor site and exposure information, see CEBS database
Group 1 Carcinogens List
- Substance profilesIndex: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
- A
- B
- Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine
- Benzidine
- Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine (Benzidine Dye Class)
- C
- Cobalt
- Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds that Release Cobalt In Vivo
- Cobalt-Tungsten Carbide: Powders and Hard Metals
- D
- 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
- 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
- Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine Dye Class)
- 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
- 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
- Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine Dye Class)
- E
- F
- G
- H
- Heterocyclic Amines (Selected)
- 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
- 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
- 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
- 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
- I
- Ionizing Radiation
- X-Radiation and Gamma Radiation
- Neutrons
- Radon
- Thorium Dioxide
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- Nickel Compounds and Metallic Nickel
- Nickel Compounds
- Metallic Nickel
- Nitroarenes (Selected)
- 1,6-Dinitropyrene
- 1,8-Dinitropyrene
- 6-Nitrochrysene
- 1-Nitropyrene
- 4-Nitropyrene
- N-Nitrosamines: 15 Listings
- N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine
- N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
- N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
- N-Nitrosodiethylamine
- N-Nitrosodimethylamine
- N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
- N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
- 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
- N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
- N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
- N-Nitrosomorpholine
- N-Nitrosonornicotine
- N-Nitrosopiperidine
- N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
- N-Nitrososarcosine
- Nitrosourea Chemotherapeutic Agents
- Bis(chloroethyl) Nitrosourea
- 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea
- 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea
- Chlorozotocin
- Streptozotocin
- O
- P
- Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin
- Phenacetin
- Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 15 Listings
- Benz[a]anthracene
- Benzo[b]fluoranthene
- Benzo[j]fluoranthene
- Benzo[k]fluoranthene
- Benzo[a]pyrene
- Dibenz[a,h]acridine
- Dibenz[a,j]acridine
- Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
- 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
- Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
- Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
- Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
- Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
- Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
- 5-Methylchrysene
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- Tobacco-Related Exposures
- Tobacco Smoking
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke
- Smokeless Tobacco
- U
- Ultraviolet-Radiation-Related Exposures
- Solar Radiation
- Exposure to Sunlamps or Sunbeds
- Broad-Spectrum UVR
- UVA
- UVB
- UVC
- V
- Viruses: Eight Listings
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Hepatitis B Virus
- Hepatitis C Virus
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
- Human Papillomaviruses: Some Genital-Mucosal Types
- Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
- Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
- Merkel Cell Polyomavirus
- Vinyl Halides (Selected)
- Vinyl Bromide
- Vinyl Chloride
- Vinyl Fluoride
- W
- X - Z
- Supplemental Materials and Appendices
- All Appendices
- Download the complete 14th Report on Carcinogens(17.6 MB)
The 14th Report on Carcinogens is the latest edition published in November 2016 and replaces any previous report.
The U.S. Department of Commerce's National Technical Information Service (NTIS) may have copies of previous versions of the Report on Carcinogens.
To find a specific edition of the report, search for publication number, at the NTIS website (http://www.ntis.gov). Alternatively, you can contact NTIS at 800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000.
Edition | Publication Number (PB Number) |
---|---|
1st | PB84122852 Volume I; PB84122860 Volume II |
2nd | PB82229808 |
3rd | PB83135855 |
4th | PB85134633 |
5th | PB89231914 |
6th | PB92120666 Volume I and II |
7th | PB95109781 |
8th | PB99128746 Volume I and II |
9th | PB2000107509 |
10th | PB2013100250 |
11th | PB2005104914 |
12th | PB2011111646 |
13th | PB2015500015 |
For questions or additional information, contact:
List Of Common Carcinogens
NTP Web Team
P.O. Box 12233, MD K2-05
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Telephone: 984-287-3211
Email us or use our contact form